Potential Application Performance of Hydrochar from Kitchen Waste: Effects of Salt, Oil, Moisture, and pH

The surge in kitchen waste production is causing food-borne disease epidemics and a public health threat worldwide. Additionally, the effectiveness of conventional treatment approaches may be hampered by KW’s high moisture, salt, oil content. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) promising new technology to convert biomass into environmentally beneficial derivatives. This study used simulated KW determine efficacy hydrothermal derivatives (hydrochar) with different salt content, pH value, solid-liquid ratio for removal cadmium (Cd) from water identify their heating value (HHV). findings revealed that hydrochar (KWHC) yield decreased increasing When content system increased 90%, KWHC 65.85%. adsorption capacity remained stable at salinities. produced acidic environment increases efficiency Cd. raw material was effectively transformed maximum HHV (30.01 MJ/kg). HTC an effective secure method resource utilization based on combustion characteristic indices KWHC.